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+# ColRegs — Rules of the Road
+
+International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS), 1972 with amendments. This is a summary reference; consult the official text for legal purposes.
+
+---
+
+## Part A — General (Rules 1–3)
+
+**Rule 1 — Application**
+Applies to all vessels on the high seas and connected navigable waters.
+
+**Rule 2 — Responsibility**
+Nothing in these rules exonerates a vessel, owner, master, or crew from the consequences of neglect. Good seamanship always applies.
+
+**Rule 3 — Definitions**
+- *Vessel* — any watercraft, including seaplanes and WIG craft
+- *Power-driven vessel* — any vessel propelled by machinery
+- *Sailing vessel* — under sail only; if engine is running, she is power-driven
+- *Vessel engaged in fishing* — using nets, lines, trawls that restrict maneuverability
+- *Underway* — not at anchor, aground, or made fast to shore
+- *Restricted visibility* — fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rain, sandstorm, or similar conditions
+
+---
+
+## Part B — Steering and Sailing Rules
+
+### Section I — Conduct in Any Visibility (Rules 4–10)
+
+**Rule 4** — Applies in any condition of visibility.
+
+**Rule 5 — Look-out**
+Every vessel shall maintain a proper look-out at all times by sight, hearing, and all available means.
+
+**Rule 6 — Safe Speed**
+Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed. Factors: visibility, traffic density, vessel maneuverability, background lights at night, radar state, sea state.
+
+**Rule 7 — Risk of Collision**
+Risk exists if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change. When in doubt, assume risk exists.
+
+**Rule 8 — Action to Avoid Collision**
+- Action must be positive, made in ample time, and large enough to be readily apparent
+- Course or speed changes should be large enough to be noticed
+- If necessary, stop or reverse
+
+**Rule 9 — Narrow Channels**
+- Keep to the starboard side of a narrow channel
+- Vessels under 20 m or sailing vessels shall not impede vessels that can safely navigate only in the channel
+- Overtaking only when safe and the overtaken vessel signals agreement
+- Do not cross a narrow channel if it impedes a through-traffic vessel
+
+**Rule 10 — Traffic Separation Schemes**
+- Join/leave at end; if joining from side, at acute angle
+- Keep out of separation zones
+- Crossing traffic does so at right angles where practicable
+- Inshore traffic zones: use only if < 20 m, or sailing, or fishing
+
+---
+
+### Section II — Conduct in Sight of One Another (Rules 11–18)
+
+**Rule 11** — Applies to vessels in sight of one another.
+
+**Rule 12 — Sailing Vessels**
+- Vessel on port tack gives way to vessel on starboard tack
+- Both on same tack: windward vessel gives way to leeward vessel
+- Port tack vessel cannot determine which tack the other is on: gives way
+
+**Rule 13 — Overtaking**
+Any vessel overtaking gives way. Overtaking means coming up from more than 22.5° abaft the other's beam. Overtaking status persists until clear and past.
+
+**Rule 14 — Head-on Situation**
+Both vessels altering course to starboard so each passes on the port side of the other. Applies when risk of collision exists and vessels are nearly end-on.
+
+**Rule 15 — Crossing Situation**
+The vessel that has the other on its own starboard side gives way (the "burdened" or give-way vessel). The stand-on vessel is on the right.
+
+**Rule 16 — Action by Give-way Vessel**
+Take early and substantial action to keep well clear.
+
+**Rule 17 — Action by Stand-on Vessel**
+- May take action to avoid collision by own maneuver alone when it becomes apparent the give-way vessel is not taking sufficient action
+- Must take action when collision cannot be avoided by give-way vessel alone
+- Course change to port for a vessel on your port side is avoided if possible
+
+**Rule 18 — Responsibilities Between Vessels**
+
+Hierarchy (higher number gives way to all above):
+1. Vessel not under command (NUC)
+2. Vessel restricted in ability to maneuver (RAM)
+3. Vessel constrained by draft
+4. Vessel engaged in fishing
+5. Sailing vessel
+6. Power-driven vessel underway
+
+*Note:* Sailing and power vessels give way to NUC, RAM, constrained, and fishing vessels. A power vessel gives way to a sailing vessel.
+
+---
+
+### Section III — Conduct in Restricted Visibility (Rule 19)
+
+**Rule 19 — Restricted Visibility**
+- Proceed at safe speed adapted to conditions
+- Have engines ready for immediate maneuver
+- On hearing fog signal apparently forward of beam: reduce to bare steerage or stop
+- Avoid alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of beam (except overtaking)
+- Avoid alteration toward a vessel abeam or abaft beam
+
+---
+
+## Part C — Lights and Shapes (Rules 20–31)
+
+### Lights (Rules 20–22)
+
+**Rule 20 — Application**
+Lights required from sunset to sunrise and in restricted visibility.
+
+**Rule 21 — Definitions**
+- *Masthead light* — white forward light, 225° arc
+- *Side lights* — red (port) and green (starboard), 112.5° each
+- *Stern light* — white aft, 135° arc
+- *Towing light* — yellow, same arc as stern light
+- *All-round light* — 360° arc
+- *Flashing light* — 120+ flashes/minute
+
+**Rule 22 — Visibility of Lights**
+
+| Vessel size | Masthead | Side | Stern | All-round |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| ≥ 50 m | 6 nm | 3 nm | 3 nm | 3 nm |
+| 12–50 m | 5 nm | 2 nm | 2 nm | 2 nm |
+| 7–12 m | 3 nm | 1 nm | 2 nm | 2 nm |
+| < 7 m | — | — | — | 2 nm |
+
+---
+
+### Light Combinations to Know
+
+**Under power (≥ 50 m):** Two masthead lights (forward lower, aft higher) + sidelights + stern light
+
+**Under power (< 50 m):** One masthead light + sidelights + stern light
+
+**Under sail (underway):** Sidelights + stern light only. *No masthead light when under sail.*
+
+**Sail + engine:** Power-driven vessel rules apply — show cone (point down) by day.
+
+**At anchor (< 50 m):** One white all-round light forward.
+**At anchor (≥ 50 m):** White all-round forward + aft.
+
+**Not under command:** Two red all-round lights (vertical). If making way: add sidelights + stern light.
+
+**Restricted in ability to maneuver:** Red-white-red all-round lights (vertical). If making way: add masthead + sidelights + stern.
+
+**Vessel aground:** Anchor lights + two red all-round lights (vertical).
+
+**Towing vessel:** Extra masthead light(s) + yellow towing light instead of (or in addition to) stern light.
+
+**Fishing (trawling):** Green over white all-round (vertical) + sidelights + stern if making way.
+**Fishing (other):** Red over white all-round (vertical) + sidelights + stern if making way + white toward gear if gear > 150 m.
+
+**Pilot vessel on duty:** White over red all-round lights.
+
+---
+
+### Day Shapes (Rule 28)
+
+| Shape | Vessel Type |
+|---|---|
+| Black ball | At anchor |
+| Black cone (apex down) | Sailing vessel with engine |
+| Two black balls (vertical) | Not under command |
+| Ball-diamond-ball (vertical) | Restricted in ability to maneuver |
+| Black cylinder | Constrained by draft |
+| Basket | Engaged in fishing |
+| Cone (apex up) | Vessel being towed (if requested) |
+
+---
+
+## Part D — Sound and Light Signals (Rules 32–37)
+
+**Rule 32 — Definitions**
+- *Short blast* — about 1 second
+- *Prolonged blast* — 4–6 seconds
+
+**Rule 33 — Equipment**
+- ≥ 12 m: whistle + bell
+- ≥ 100 m: also gong
+
+**Rule 34 — Maneuvering and Warning Signals**
+
+| Signal | Meaning |
+|---|---|
+| 1 short | I am altering course to starboard |
+| 2 shorts | I am altering course to port |
+| 3 shorts | I am operating astern propulsion |
+| 5+ shorts (rapid) | Danger / doubt signal |
+| 1 prolonged | Vessel leaving berth |
+
+**Rule 35 — Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility**
+
+| Signal | Vessel |
+|---|---|
+| 1 prolonged (≤ 2 min) | Power-driven vessel making way |
+| 2 prolonged (≤ 2 min) | Power-driven vessel underway but stopped |
+| 1 long + 2 short (≤ 2 min) | NUC, RAM, sailing, fishing, towing |
+| 1 long + 3 short | Vessel being towed (last vessel) |
+| Rapid bell (5 sec, ≤ 1 min) | At anchor (< 100 m) |
+| Bell + gong (≤ 1 min) | At anchor (≥ 100 m) |
+| 3 strokes + rapid bell + 3 strokes | Vessel aground |
+
+**Rule 36 — Attention Signal**
+Five or more short and rapid blasts. Also a light signal of the same pattern.
+
+**Rule 37 — Distress Signals**
+Gun fired at ~1 min intervals; continuous foghorn; SOS (···−−−···); MAYDAY by voice; orange smoke; flames; parachute flare; dye; square flag + ball; high-intensity white light flashing; radio alarm signal.
+
+---
+
+## Part E — Exemptions (Rule 38)
+
+Older vessels may be exempt from some lighting requirements for a period of years after the rules came into force.
+
+---
+
+## Quick Memory Aids
+
+**Starboard right-of-way:** When another vessel is on your starboard side in a crossing situation, YOU give way.
+
+**Lights mnemonic — red over green, sailing machine:** A sailing vessel shows red (port side) and green (starboard) sidelights plus a white stern light. No masthead light while under sail alone.
+
+**The hierarchy:** NUC → RAM → Constrained → Fishing → Sail → Power
diff --git a/android-app/app/src/main/assets/docs/sailing_reference.md b/android-app/app/src/main/assets/docs/sailing_reference.md
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+# Sailing Quick Reference
+
+---
+
+## Points of Sail
+
+The point of sail describes the angle between the boat's heading and the true wind direction.
+
+| Point of Sail | True Wind Angle | Description |
+|---|---|---|
+| In irons | 0–30° | Head-to-wind, sails luffing, no drive |
+| Close hauled | ~30–45° | Sailing as close to the wind as possible |
+| Close reach | ~45–60° | Between close hauled and beam reach |
+| Beam reach | ~90° | Wind directly abeam — often fastest point |
+| Broad reach | ~120–150° | Wind on the quarter — comfortable, fast |
+| Run | ~150–180° | Wind from directly behind |
+
+**No-go zone:** ~0–30° on either side of the wind — the boat cannot make progress sailing directly into the wind.
+
+---
+
+## Tacking vs. Gybing
+
+**Tacking** — turning the bow through the wind (bow crosses the wind). The boom swings across from one side to the other. Used to head upwind.
+
+**Gybing** — turning the stern through the wind (stern crosses the wind). The boom can swing violently — always control the mainsheet. Used to change direction downwind.
+
+---
+
+## Sail Trim Basics
+
+**Telltales** — strips of yarn or fabric on the sail.
+- Both telltales streaming aft → sail trimmed correctly
+- Windward telltale lifting → sheet in (trim), or bear away
+- Leeward telltale lifting → sheet out (ease), or head up
+
+**In irons fix:** Let sails luff, push boom to one side, fall off onto a tack.
+
+**Reef** — reducing sail area by partially lowering the mainsail and tying off the excess. Reef before you think you need to. Typical thresholds: first reef ~15–18 kt, second reef ~21–25 kt.
+
+---
+
+## Hull Speed
+
+The theoretical maximum displacement hull speed:
+
+**Hull speed (kt) ≈ 1.34 × √(waterline length in feet)**
+
+| LOA | Hull Speed |
+|---|---|
+| 20 ft | ~6.0 kt |
+| 23 ft | ~6.4 kt |
+| 30 ft | ~7.3 kt |
+| 40 ft | ~8.5 kt |
+
+A modern fin-keel boat can exceed hull speed in planing conditions (surfing downwind in big waves).
+
+---
+
+## Navigation Lights — Quick Reference
+
+| Situation | What You See | What It Is |
+|---|---|---|
+| Red + green + white | Two side lights + stern | Head-on approach |
+| Red only | Port sidelight | Vessel crossing left-to-right in front of you |
+| Green only | Starboard sidelight | Vessel crossing right-to-left — you are give-way |
+| White only (masthead) + green | Overtaking from starboard | Vessel overtaking you on starboard |
+| Two white (stacked) + red/green | Two masthead lights | Large ship (≥50 m) underway under power |
+| Red + white (all-round, vertical) | Not under command | Give way — vessel cannot maneuver |
+| Green + white (all-round, vertical) | Trawler | Give way — engaged in fishing |
+| White all-round only | At anchor | Avoid — vessel at anchor |
+| White + red all-round (vertical) | Pilot vessel | Pilot boat on duty |
+
+---
+
+## Day Shapes
+
+| Shape | Meaning |
+|---|---|
+| ⚫ Black ball | Vessel at anchor |
+| 🔻 Black cone (apex down) | Sailing vessel motorsailing |
+| ⚫ ⚫ Two balls (vertical) | Not under command |
+| ⚫ ◆ ⚫ Ball-diamond-ball | Restricted in ability to maneuver |
+| ▬ Black cylinder | Constrained by draft |
+
+---
+
+## Beaufort Wind Scale
+
+| Force | kt | Description | Sea State |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 0 | < 1 | Calm | Mirror smooth |
+| 1 | 1–3 | Light air | Ripples |
+| 2 | 4–6 | Light breeze | Small wavelets |
+| 3 | 7–10 | Gentle breeze | Scattered whitecaps |
+| 4 | 11–16 | Moderate breeze | Moderate waves, frequent whitecaps |
+| 5 | 17–21 | Fresh breeze | Long waves, many whitecaps, spray |
+| 6 | 22–27 | Strong breeze | Large waves, spray, whitecaps everywhere |
+| 7 | 28–33 | Near gale | Sea heaping up, foam streaks |
+| 8 | 34–40 | Gale | Moderately high waves, edges blowing |
+| 9 | 41–47 | Strong gale | High waves, dense foam, visibility affected |
+| 10 | 48–55 | Storm | Very high waves, sea white, heavy sea roll |
+| 11 | 56–63 | Violent storm | Exceptionally high waves |
+| 12 | 64+ | Hurricane force | Air filled with foam, visibility nil |
+
+---
+
+## Common Knots
+
+**Bowline** — fixed loop that won't slip. The classic sailing knot. "The rabbit comes out of the hole, round the tree, and back down the hole."
+
+**Cleat hitch** — securing a line to a cleat. Take a round turn around the base, then two figure-8 turns, then one locking hitch over the horn.
+
+**Clove hitch** — temporary attachment to a post or rail. Two half hitches; easy to adjust and release.
+
+**Figure-eight** — stopper knot. Prevents a line from running through a block or fairlead.
+
+**Round turn and two half hitches** — secure, adjustable attachment to a ring or rail.
+
+**Reef knot** — joining two lines of similar diameter. Right over left, left over right. Not for critical loads — use a sheet bend for mismatched diameters.
+
+**Sheet bend** — joining two lines of different diameter. The thicker line forms the loop.
+
+**Rolling hitch** — attaching to another line or spar under load. Grips when pulled along the spar.
+
+**Anchor hitch (fisherman's bend)** — the correct knot for attaching a line to an anchor.
+
+---
+
+## Buoyage — IALA System B (Americas, Japan, Philippines, Korea)
+
+**Red right returning** — red buoys on the starboard side when returning from sea.
+
+| Mark | Shape | Color | Top Mark | Meaning |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Port lateral | Can / pillar | Red | None | Keep to starboard (IALA-B: keep red to starboard) |
+| Starboard lateral | Nun / cone | Green | Cone | Keep to port |
+| Safe water | Sphere | Red + white vertical stripes | Sphere | Safe water on all sides |
+| Isolated danger | Pillar / spar | Black + red bands | Two black balls | Isolated danger, safe water around it |
+| Special mark | Any | Yellow | Yellow X | Special purpose (mooring, racing, TSS) |
+| Cardinal (N) | Pillar / spar | Black over yellow | Two cones pointing up | Pass to the north |
+| Cardinal (S) | Pillar / spar | Yellow over black | Two cones pointing down | Pass to the south |
+| Cardinal (E) | Pillar / spar | Black-yellow-black bands | Cones base-to-base | Pass to the east |
+| Cardinal (W) | Pillar / spar | Yellow-black-yellow bands | Cones point-to-point | Pass to the west |
+
+*IALA-A (Europe, Africa, most of Asia):* Red/green assignments are reversed — "red left returning."
+
+---
+
+## VHF Radio Channels
+
+| Channel | Use |
+|---|---|
+| 16 | **International distress, safety, and calling** — always monitor |
+| 22A | US Coast Guard working channel |
+| 9 | Boater calling channel (US) |
+| 6 | Ship-to-ship safety communications |
+| 13 | Bridge-to-bridge (1 watt) |
+| 70 | DSC digital selective calling — do not use for voice |
+| 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 | Public correspondence (marine operator) |
+
+**MAYDAY procedure:**
+1. MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY
+2. This is [vessel name × 3]
+3. MAYDAY [vessel name]
+4. Position
+5. Nature of distress
+6. Number of persons aboard
+7. Any other information
+8. Over
+
+---
+
+## Tide and Current Basics
+
+**Flood** — tide coming in (rising sea level).
+**Ebb** — tide going out (falling sea level).
+**Slack** — the period of minimal current around high and low water.
+
+Rule of twelfths — tide rises/falls unevenly:
+- Hour 1: 1/12 of range
+- Hour 2: 2/12 of range
+- Hour 3: 3/12 of range ← fastest
+- Hour 4: 3/12 of range ← fastest
+- Hour 5: 2/12 of range
+- Hour 6: 1/12 of range
+
+**Spring tides** — larger range; occur near new and full moon.
+**Neap tides** — smaller range; occur near quarter moons.
+
+---
+
+## Distress Signals (Rule 37 / SOLAS)
+
+Any of these signals indicate distress and request assistance:
+- Red parachute flare or red hand flare
+- Orange smoke signal
+- MAYDAY spoken over radio (Ch 16)
+- SOS (···−−−···) by any signaling method
+- Continuous foghorn sound
+- Gun fired at approximately 1-minute intervals
+- Flames on the vessel
+- Slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering both arms
+- Square flag with ball above or below it
+- Orange dye in water
+- Satellite EPIRB signal